UNIT -2 CHAPTER - 4 - JASMINE

 

UNIT 2

CHAPTER 4

JASMINE

Scientific name : Jasminum sp.

Family : Oleaceae

                       

                        Jasmine is a genus of perennial shrubs and vines with about 200 species. The majority of species grow as climbers. The centre of origin is Spain and surrounding areas. Jasmine is one of the oldest fragrant flowers cultivated by man.

 

USES

            Used as loose flower

·         For making garlands

·         For bouquet making

·         For religious offering

·         For decorating hair of women

·         For production of Jasmine concrete which is used in cosmetic and perfumery industries

·         For Production of perfumed oils and attars.  

 

Ø  Only three species are used for commercial cultivation.

1. Jasminum sambac (Gundumalli/ Madurai malli )

2. J. auriculatum (Mullai)

3. J. grandiflorum (Jathimalli/ Pitchi)

Ø  The first two species are mainly cultivated for selling as fresh flowers whereas the J. grandiflorum is cultivated for concrete extraction.

Ø  Tamil Nadu is the leading producer of jasmine in the country.

Ø  It is an ideal crop for small farmers whose land holdings are less than 1 acre.

Ø  It is also cultivated commercially in Karnataka, U.P., Rajasthan, W.Bengal, parts of Andra Pradesh and Maharashtra.

 

 

CLIMATE AND SOIL

 

✔    Jasmine prefers mild and tropical climate. Jasmine is commercially grown in India under open field conditions upto 1200m.

✔    Mild winter, warm summer, moderate rainfall ( 800- 1000mm) and sunny days are ideal climatic requirement.                     

✔    Jasmine can be cultivated in wide range of soils. However, it comes up well in well drained rich sandy loam soils. The ideal conditions for successful cultivation are warm summer with ample water supply and sunny days.

✔    With liberal application of manure and assured water supply, jasmine can be grown suitably in sandy soils.

✔    In clayey soil, flower production can be improved by adding lime and applying organic matter.

VARIETIES

1.        J. sambac           

It is commonly known as Arabian Jasmine,Tuscan Jasmine,Bela,Belphul, Malligae, and Mogra..They are common in India.

     Varieties: Gundumalli, Ramabaanam, Madanabanam, Suji malligae, Adukkumalli, Kasthuri malli, Motia, Single Mohora, Double Mohora

    2.  J. grandiflorum

      It is known as Royal or Spanish Jasmine, French or Catalonian Jasmine, Jathimalli and Pitchi.

            Varieties : CO 1 Pitchi, CO 2 Pitchi, Surabhi, J.G 1(Bangalore), J.G.2( Coimbatore), J.G3 (Lucknow), J.G 4(Thenkasi White), J G 5 (Thimmapuram), J G 6(Triploid)

      3.  J. auriculatum

           Commonly known as Mullai and amber malligai.

   Varieties: CO1 Mullai, CO 2 Mullai, Pari mullai, Long point, Long round, Medium             point, Short point, Short Round.

PROPAGATION

 

1. Stem cutting

2. Ground layering

 

        In India Jasmine is commonly propagated by stem cuttings.

        For obtaining profuse long rooting, plant cuttings from April to September.

        Stem cuttings (semi hard wood) of 15cm long having 4 leaves are treated with 5000ppm IBA and planted in vermiculite or sand under moist condition give best performance in rooting and survival of rooted cuttings.

        Simple and compound layering methods are followed during June-July to October-November. Layers will be ready for planting within 90-120 days.
 

PLANTING

After ploughing the land, pits of about 40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm size are taken and filled with topsoil and 15 kg well rotten FYM.

Planting distance depends on the species and also on soil and environmental conditions.

MANURING

     Fertilizer recommendation - 120: 240: 240g NPK/plant.

The fertilizers are mixed together and applied in two split doses during January and July. This has to be supplemented with organic manures like neem cake, groundnut cake etc. @ 100 g per plant per month.

Biofertilizers:

     Soil application of 2 kg each of Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria per ha at the time of planting. It is to be mixed with 100kg of FYM and applied in pits.

Foliar nutrition:

     Spraying of Zinc 0.25% and Magnesium 0.5% before flowering increases the yield of flowers.

     Spray FeSO₄ at 5g/lit. at monthly intervals until the chlorotic symptoms disappear.

 

 

INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS

    

Pruning
     Pruning is essential and is done at a height of 45 cm from the ground level during mid December-January.

 

Pinching

     Pinching of new shoots after pruning is necessary. The removal of such unproductive shoots is also necessary because it will inhibit the growth and development of productive shoots.

     In J. grandiflorum, foliar spraying of Cycocel 1000ppm twice during vegetative stage is recommended. It will increase the production of flowers and essential oil.

 

Weeding

     Manual weeding is usually done which is effective but expensive. Mulching also reduces weed population.

 

Irrigation
     Constant and adequate water supply during peak flowering season (March-October) is essential for high yield of flowers. After flowering is over, water supply can be cut off. During summer, irrigate twice a week.

PLANT PROTECTION

Pests
     Jasmine is comparatively a hardy plant. Major pests are bud and shoot borers and blossom midge, which can be controlled by spraying 0.15-0.20 per cent Carbaryl.

Name of the pest	Damage	Control
Bud worm	•      Larvae cause injury to immature buds of J. sambac. •      The larvae makes tunnels of silk and excreta within an affected flower cluster, thus affecting the flower opening. •      Flower buds may drop off and finally the flower buds changes into pinkish colour.	·         Spray Thiochloprid (Alanto) 240SC 1 ml/litre or  Spinosad (Tracer) @ 0.5 ml/lit ·         Spray Profenophos 25EC @ 2 ml/lit ·         Spray neem seed kernel extract 5 % ·         Spray Bacillus thuringiensis 2 g/litre ·         Set up four Helilure sex pheromone trap per acre
Leaf webber	•      The damage caused by the caterpillar built elaborate network of webbing of leaves, especially in the lower portion causing severe injury. •      Caterpillar feeds on the leaves by scrapping the chlorophyll. •      The lower foliage is infested during the rainy days. The infestation severe in terminal shoots during dry and sunny weather.	·         Imidacloprid 2ml/lit or Dimethoate  2 ml per lit gives season long systemic control ·         Acetamiprid 20P @ 80 g ai./ha or neem oil  @ 3 ml/l of water ·         Yellow-orange sticky traps @ 5/acre can be used to monitor whitefly numbers ·         Insecticidal soaps or neem oil may reduce populations ·         General predators include Green lacewings,  Scymnus and Chrysoperla oculata.
Blossom midge	•      The maggots of the blossom midge enter into the buds at the base of the corollas which results in swelling at the base of the buds. •      The infestation leads to stunted growth and ultimately drying of plants.	·         Spray Thiamethoxam 2.5% WG @ 0.75 g/litre or Flufenoxuron @ 1.5 g/lit. ·         Spraying of Rynaxypyr @ 0.5ml/litre or Novaluron 3ml/lit. of water.
Eriophyid mite	•      Inter cropping by using host-non-host crops. •      It infests the leaf surface, tender stems and buds. •      It produces velvet like hairy growth on the leaf surface. •      The growth of plant is stunted and flower production is suppressed.	·         Use NSKE and other botanicals ·         Avoid using synthetic pyrethroids ·         Fenazaquin (Magister) 10 EC @ 2ml/litre ·         Abamectin or Exodus 0.5 ml /litre.

Diseases

Name of the Disease	Damage	Control
Yellowing of leaves	Caused by 3 factors •      iron deficiency       •      nematode infection   •      root rot disease	rectified by spraying ferrous sulphate 5 g/lit at monthly intervals until the chlorotic symptoms disappear. Initially test the soil for nematode infection.  Apply 10 g of of Phorate granules near root zone and then irrigate the field. ·         Drench the soil around the plant with Copper oxychloride at 2.5 g/lit. ·         Soil drenching with Trifloxystrobin + Tebuconazole @ 0.75 g/litre or Difenoconazole @ 0.5g/l.
Alternaria leaf spot		Foliar application of Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/l or Azoxystrobin @ 1g/l Soil application of Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 25 g/m2 and foliar application of P. fluorescens @ 5 g/l at monthly intervals after planting.
Leaf blight		Can be controlled by spraying 0.2 per cent mancozeb.
Fusarium wilt		Controlled by drenching the soil with 1 per cent Bordeaux mixture
Rust		Controlled by spraying 0.2 per cent zineb

Yield

     Yield of flowers and jasmine oil vary according to the species and management practices.
 

Species	Flower yield (t/ha)	Oil yield (kg/ha)
J.sambac J.auriculatum J.grandiflorum	5 5 6	15.44 28.00  29.00

 

Harvesting and Post Harvest Management

•      Jasmine begins to flower from the second year onwards or sometimes even earlier but, economic yields are obtained from the third year.

•       Jasmine produces maximum flowers till 12-15 years.

•      The stage of harvest depends on the purpose of flowers to be harvested.

•      Flowers are harvested either in morning / evening when the buds are fully developed but still unopened.

•      For fresh flowers, fully developed unopened flower buds are picked in the early morning, while for extraction of concrete only fully opened fresh picked flowers are harvested between 6 and 8 am.

•      The flowers are collected in a bag.

 

Grading

•      The flowers are graded according to corolla tube length, bud size shape and freshness.

•      The shelf life of flower buds is increased by soaking them in Aluminium sulphate (0.1%) or Silver nitrate (0.01%) solutions for 2hr and then covered with moist towel and kept under room temperature.

 

Packing

•      Packing should be functional, economical and attractive besides being acceptable in markets.

•      Harvested flower should be given cold treatment before packing.

•      Corrugated cardboard boxes are the proper packing materials for distant market. The growers also use small bags made out of fertilizer bag material to bring flowers of jasmine to the market.

•       Wholesalers pack flowers in bamboo baskets.

•       They are packed so as to maintain some moisture and air circulation in the baskets.

•      Water is sprinkled on the newspapers covering the inside of the basket.

•      The top is covered with paper again and closed with a bamboo basket cover or gunny stack which is stitched at the edges.

 

Extraction of jasmine concrete:

Jasmine concrete obtained from Jasminum grandiflorum (Jathi Malli/Pitchi) – is a wax like substance containing the natural flower perfume together with some plant waxes, albumin and colouring matter.  The natural perfume is available in very small quantity (0.25%) in jasmine flowers in the form of volatile oil.

For extraction of concrete, freshly picked fully opened flowers are required. The flowers harvested should be stored in a cool atmosphere and processed within a maximum period of two hours. Processing involves two steps 1.      Dissolving the perfume material by treating the flowers with the solvent. 2.      Removal of the solvent from the perfume material through evaporation